Resistance laboratories provide the measurement traceability for resistance as well as development and maintenance of national physical standards for resistance. The laboratories provides calibration measurements with capability  from 1 mΩ to 1 TΩ. The National Standard of Resistance is a 1 Ω and 10 kΩ resistors kept in an oil bath at temperature of 23°C ± 0.001°C. The reference standard resistor is calibrated at BIPM on a regular schedule and disseminate to other resistors by using the automated DCC bridge at range of 1 mΩ to 10 MΩ. Resistance values below 1Ω achieved by using Direct Current Comparator Bridge with a Range Extender. The system has ratios up to 1000:1 with the relative uncertainty of 10-6. The resistance values from above 10 MΩ are scaled up using a modified Wheatstone bridge by replacing Resistive arms with 2 DC Voltage. The resistance laboratories dissemination, capability and uncertainty are shown in following table and diagram respectively. 

DC Resistance	:	Low range - 1 mΩ to 100 m Ω Medium range - 1 Ω to 10 M Ω High range – 100 MΩ to 1 TΩ
Best Measurement Capability	:	±0.5 mΩ/Ω to ± 585 mΩ/Ω	1  Ω standard resistor
DC Current  Shunt	:	1 A to 100 A
Best Measurement Capability	:	±   5 mA/A to ± 100 mA/A

RF power and scattering parameter or S-parameter are the quantity associated with microwave measurements where the services are offered by the laboratory to support national RF and microwave measurements activities. Measurement frequency capability starts from the range of 10 MHz up to 18 GHz. The measurements are limited to Type N and PC7 connectors. The estimated uncertainties for RF power and S-parameter are described as follows:

Photometry and Radiometry Laboratory has developed high accuracy system to support national illuminance scale. Illuminance scale is one of the fundamentals in the realisation of candela in optical radiation. The chart illustrates the traceability for illuminance parameter measurement in Malaysia. 

Measurement  range is start from 10 to 1000 lux with expanded uncertainty 1.1 %

Reference standard photometer

AC & Low Frequency Laboratory are capable to generate and measure DC to 10 MHz and beyond covering voltage, current, and resistance parameters to support national AC & Low Frequency measurement activities. The chart illustrates the traceability for AC & Low Frequency in Malaysia.

The highest standards are primary Thermal Converters and AC DC Shunts maintained by utilizing comparison method of AC-DC. Different comparison methods for accurate RMS value determination of AC Voltage and AC Current at low frequencies are traceable to the national standard of AC Voltage and Current. The frequency range is from 10 Hz to 1 MHz with best uncertainty of 5 uV/V. 

Thermal Converter	Reference Multimeter